Unilateral lumbarisation of the first sacral segment (S1), classified as Castellvi type 2A. This case is very interesting because it is combined with the assimilation of the first coccygeal segment. So, while there seems to be 6 lumbal vertebrae, sacrum seems “normal” with 4 pairs of foraminae sacralis. Foraminal stenosis could cause nerve impingement, via osteophytes formation. (medieval skeleton from Serbia).

Full assimilation of the first coccygeal vertebrae in mature male.

Large lythic enthesopaties of the costoclavicular ligament attachment area in clavicles (male, 16 years old).

Cribra femora - porotic bone area on the anterior collum femoris - in a child (12 years old). This kind of pathological change usually indicates metabolic disorders, such as anemia.

Pitting on the inferior and superior surface of the body of cervical vertebra, with the new bone formation, probably due to the intervertebral disc disease (IVD). Mature female, 13th century AD, Serbia.

Ossified haematoma located on tibia diaphisis (female, 30+ years old)